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References: Living Near Pesticides

The following references support the content of the infographic: Living Near Pesticides.

Introduction to pesticides

Agency, E. P. (2018). EPA Pesticide Regulation. Retrieved August 21, 2018, from http://npic.orst.edu/reg/epareg.html

How are people exposed to pesticides?

Damalas, C. A., & Koutroubas, S. D. (2016). Farmers’ Exposure to Pesticides: Toxicity Types and Ways of Prevention. Toxics, 4(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics4010001

Who are the most vulnerable populations?

Bukalasa, J. S., Brunekreef, B., Brouwer, M., Vermeulen, R., de Jongste, J. C., van Rossem, L., … Gehring, U. (2017). Proximity to agricultural fields as proxy for environmental exposure to pesticides among children: The PIAMA birth cohort. The Science of the Total Environment, 595, 515–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.269

Chiu, Y.-H., Williams, P. L., Gillman, M. W., Hauser, R., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Bellavia, A., … Chavarro, J. E. (2018). Maternal intake of pesticide residues from fruits and vegetables in relation to fetal growth. Environment International, 119, 421–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.014

Gunier, R. B., Raanan, R., Castorina, R., Holland, N. T., Harley, K. G., Balmes, J. R., … Bradman, A. (2018). Residential proximity to agricultural fumigant use and respiratory health in 7-year old children. Environmental Research, 164, 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.02.022

Birth defects

Ling, C., Liew, Z., von Ehrenstein, O. S., Heck, J. E., Park, A. S., Cui, X., … Ritz, B. (2018). Prenatal Exposure to Ambient Pesticides and Preterm Birth and Term Low Birthweight in Agricultural Regions of California. Toxics, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics6030041

Shaw, G. M., Yang, W., Roberts, E. M., Aghaeepour, N., Mayo, J. A., Weber, K. A., … English, P. B. (2018). Residential agricultural pesticide exposures and risks of preeclampsia. Environmental Research, 164, 546–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.020

Weselak, M., Arbuckle, T. E., Wigle, D. T., & Krewski, D. (2007). In utero pesticide exposure and childhood morbidity. Environmental Research, 103(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2006.09.001

Wickerham, E. L., Lozoff, B., Shao, J., Kaciroti, N., Xia, Y., & Meeker, J. D. (2012). Reduced birth weight in relation to pesticide mixtures detected in cord blood of full-term infants. Environment International, 47, 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.007

Miscarriage

Blanco-Munoz, J., Aguilar-Garduno, C., Gamboa-Avila, R., Rodriguez-Barranco, M., Perez-Mendez, O., Huesca-Gomez, C., … Lacasana, M. (2013). Association between PON1 genetic polymorphisms and miscarriage in Mexican women exposed to pesticides. The Science of the Total Environment, 449, 302–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.034

Yan, S., Zhai, Q., Xing, J., Li, W., Gao, X., & Qiu, Y. (2012). [Relationship between pesticide exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes among famers: a meta-analysis]. Zhonghua lao dong wei sheng zhi ye bing za zhi = Zhonghua laodong weisheng zhiyebing zazhi = Chinese journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases, 30(11), 859–862.

Decreased fertility

Hu, Y., Ji, L., Zhang, Y., Shi, R., Han, W., Tse, L. A., … Tian, Y. (2018). Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Pesticide Exposures Measured before Conception and Associations with Time to Pregnancy in Chinese Couples Enrolled in the Shanghai Birth Cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives, 126(7), 77001. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2987

Mehrpour, O., Karrari, P., Zamani, N., Tsatsakis, A. M., & Abdollahi, M. (2014). Occupational exposure to pesticides and consequences on male semen and fertility: a review. Toxicology Letters, 230(2), 146–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.029

Delayed menopause

Akkina, J., Reif, J., Keefe, T., & Bachand, A. (2004). Age at natural menopause and exposure to organochlorine pesticides in Hispanic women. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A, 67(18), 1407–1422. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390490483845

Farr, S. L., Cai, J., Savitz, D. A., Sandler, D. P., Hoppin, J. A., & Cooper, G. S. (2006). Pesticide exposure and timing of menopause: the Agricultural Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 163(8), 731–742. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj099

Early puberty

Namulanda, G., Maisonet, M., Taylor, E., Flanders, W. D., Olson, D., Sjodin, A., … Naeher, L. (2016). In utero exposure to organochlorine pesticides and early menarche in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Environment International, 94, 467–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.001

Ozen, S., Goksen, D., & Darcan, S. (2014). Agricultural pesticides and precocious puberty. Vitamins and Hormones, 94, 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800095-3.00002-X

Ozen, S., Darcan, S., Bayindir, P., Karasulu, E., Simsek, D. G., & Gurler, T. (2012). Effects of pesticides used in agriculture on the development of precocious puberty. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(7), 4223–4232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2257-6

Wohlfahrt-Veje, C., Andersen, H. R., Schmidt, I. M., Aksglaede, L., Sorensen, K., Juul, A., … Main, K. M. (2012). Early breast development in girls after prenatal exposure to non-persistent pesticides. International Journal of Andrology, 35(3), 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01244.x

Ye, X., Pan, W., Zhao, Y., Zhao, S., Zhu, Y., Liu, W., & Liu, J. (2017). Association of pyrethroids exposure with onset of puberty in Chinese girls. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987), 227, 606–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.035

Allergies

Hoppin, J. A., Umbach, D. M., Long, S., London, S. J., Henneberger, P. K., Blair, A., … Sandler, D. P. (2017). Pesticides are Associated with Allergic and Non-Allergic Wheeze among Male Farmers. Environmental Health Perspectives, 125(4), 535–543. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP315

Mazurek, J. M., & Henneberger, P. K. (2017). Lifetime allergic rhinitis prevalence among US primary farm operators: findings from the 2011 Farm and Ranch Safety survey. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 90(6), 507–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1217-z

Asthma

Baldi, I., Robert, C., Piantoni, F., Tual, S., Bouvier, G., Lebailly, P., & Raherison, C. (2014). Agricultural exposure and asthma risk in the AGRICAN French cohort. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 217(4–5), 435–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.08.006

Boers, D., van Amelsvoort, L., Colosio, C., Corsini, E., Fustinoni, S., Campo, L., … van Loveren, H. (2008). Asthmatic symptoms after exposure to ethylenebisdithiocarbamates and other pesticides in the Europit field studies. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 27(9), 721–727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327108100001

Cherry, N., Beach, J., Senthilselvan, A., & Burstyn, I. (2018). Pesticide Use and Asthma in Alberta Grain Farmers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030526

Henneberger, P. K., Liang, X., London, S. J., Umbach, D. M., Sandler, D. P., & Hoppin, J. A. (2014). Exacerbation of symptoms in agricultural pesticide applicators with asthma. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 87(4), 423–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-013-0881-x

Hernandez, A. F., Parron, T., & Alarcon, R. (2011). Pesticides and asthma. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 11(2), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e3283445939

Breathing problems

Casey, M. L., & Mazurek, J. M. (2017). Respirator Use Among US Farm Operators With Asthma: Results From the 2011 Farm and Ranch Safety Survey. Journal of Agromedicine, 22(2), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2017.1282904

Fiori, N. S., Fassa, A. G., Faria, N. M. X., Meucci, R. D., Miranda, V. I., & Christiani, D. C. (2015). Wheezing in tobacco farm workers in southern Brazil. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 58(11), 1217–1228. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22447

Hernandez, A. F., Casado, I., Pena, G., Gil, F., Villanueva, E., & Pla, A. (2008). Low level of exposure to pesticides leads to lung dysfunction in occupationally exposed subjects. Inhalation Toxicology, 20(9), 839–849. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370801905524

Hoppin, J. A., Umbach, D. M., London, S. J., Lynch, C. F., Alavanja, M. C. R., & Sandler, D. P. (2006). Pesticides and adult respiratory outcomes in the agricultural health study. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1076, 343–354. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1371.044

Hoppin, J. A., Valcin, M., Henneberger, P. K., Kullman, G. J., Umbach, D. M., London, S. J., … Sandler, D. P. (2007). Pesticide use and chronic bronchitis among farmers in the Agricultural Health Study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 50(12), 969–979. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20523

Mamane, A., Raherison, C., Tessier, J.-F., Baldi, I., & Bouvier, G. (2015). Environmental exposure to pesticides and respiratory health. European Respiratory Review : An Official Journal of the European Respiratory Society, 24(137), 462–473. https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.00006114

Raanan, R., Gunier, R. B., Balmes, J. R., Beltran, A. J., Harley, K. G., Bradman, A., & Eskenazi, B. (2017). Elemental Sulfur Use and Associations with Pediatric Lung Function and Respiratory Symptoms in an Agricultural Community (California, USA). Environmental Health Perspectives, 125(8), 87007. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP528

Raanan, R., Harley, K. G., Balmes, J. R., Bradman, A., Lipsett, M., & Eskenazi, B. (2015). Early-life exposure to organophosphate pesticides and pediatric respiratory symptoms in the CHAMACOS cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives, 123(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408235

Depression

Beard, J. D., Umbach, D. M., Hoppin, J. A., Richards, M., Alavanja, M. C. R., Blair, A., … Kamel, F. (2014). Pesticide exposure and depression among male private pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(9), 984–991. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307450

Campos, Y., Dos Santos Pinto da Silva, V., Sarpa Campos de Mello, M., & Barros Otero, U. (2016). Exposure to pesticides and mental disorders in a rural population of Southern Brazil. Neurotoxicology, 56, 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2016.06.002

Freire, C., & Koifman, S. (2013). Pesticides, depression and suicide: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 216(4), 445–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.12.003

Koh, S.-B., Kim, T. H., Min, S., Lee, K., Kang, D. R., & Choi, J. R. (2017). Exposure to pesticide as a risk factor for depression: A population-based longitudinal study in Korea. Neurotoxicology, 62, 181–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2017.07.005

Krawczyk, N., Meyer, A., Fonseca, M., & Lima, J. (2014). Suicide Mortality Among Agricultural Workers in a Region With Intensive Tobacco Farming and Use of Pesticides in Brazil. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56(9), 993–1000. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000214

Sleeping problems

Baumert, B. O., Carnes, M. U., Hoppin, J. A., Jackson, C. L., Sandler, D. P., Freeman, L. B., … London, S. J. (2018). Sleep apnea and pesticide exposure in a study of US farmers. Sleep Health, 4(1), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.08.006

Anxiety

Jamal, F., Haque, Q. S., & Singh, S. (2016). Interrelation of Glycemic Status and Neuropsychiatric Disturbances in Farmers with Organophosphorus Pesticide Toxicity. The Open Biochemistry Journal, 10, 27–34. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874091X01610010027

Campos, Y., Dos Santos Pinto da Silva, V., Sarpa Campos de Mello, M., & Barros Otero, U. (2016). Exposure to pesticides and mental disorders in a rural population of Southern Brazil. Neurotoxicology, 56, 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2016.06.002

Silva, J. G., Boareto, A. C., Schreiber, A. K., Redivo, D. D. B., Gambeta, E., Vergara, F., … Dalsenter, P. R. (2017). Chlorpyrifos induces anxiety-like behavior in offspring rats exposed during pregnancy. Neuroscience Letters, 641, 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.01.053

Cancer

Brasil, V. L. M., Ramos Pinto, M. B., Bonan, R. F., Kowalski, L. P., & da Cruz Perez, D. E. (2018). Pesticides as risk factors for head and neck cancer: A review. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International  Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12701

Caron-Beaudoin, E., Viau, R., & Sanderson, J. T. (2018). Effects of Neonicotinoid Pesticides on Promoter-Specific Aromatase (CYP19) Expression in Hs578t Breast Cancer Cells and the Role of the VEGF Pathway. Environmental Health Perspectives, 126(4), 47014. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2698

Clausing, P., Robinson, C., & Burtscher-Schaden, H. (2018). Pesticides and public health: an analysis of the regulatory approach to assessing the carcinogenicity of glyphosate in the European Union. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 72(8), 668–672. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-209776

Ellsworth, R. E., Kostyniak, P. J., Chi, L.-H., Shriver, C. D., Costantino, N. S., & Ellsworth, D. L. (2018). Organochlorine pesticide residues in human breast tissue and their relationships  with clinical and pathological characteristics of breast cancer. Environmental Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22573

Hyland, C., Gunier, R. B., Metayer, C., Bates, M. N., Wesseling, C., & Mora, A. M. (2018). Maternal residential pesticide use and risk of childhood leukemia in Costa Rica. International Journal of Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31522

Lerro, C. C., Jones, R. R., Langseth, H., Grimsrud, T. K., Engel, L. S., Sjodin, A., … Ward, M. H. (2018). A nested case-control study of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and thyroid cancer in the Janus Serum Bank cohort. Environmental Research, 165, 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.04.012

Martin, F. L., Martinez, E. Z., Stopper, H., Garcia, S. B., Uyemura, S. A., & Kannen, V. (2018). Increased exposure to pesticides and colon cancer: Early evidence in Brazil. Chemosphere, 209, 623–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.118

Pahwa, M., Harris, S. A., Hohenadel, K., McLaughlin, J. R., Spinelli, J. J., Pahwa, P., … Blair, A. (2012). Pesticide use, immunologic conditions, and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Canadian men in six provinces. International Journal of Cancer, 131(11), 2650–2659. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27522

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